Essay on “Role of the Intellectual in Society” Complete Essay for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.
Role of the Intellectual in Society
Intellectuals have no social attraction or obligation as they are revolutionaries and prophets. In most cases, the intellectuals are radical in their approach though they are often inclined to treat society as if it were a machine which can be broken into parts and then reconstructed suiting their theories. A sharp break with customs and traditions tends to break the social order. Intellectuals with no ulterior motive can only make a positive contribution to the social good. India has a splendid tradition of tolerance. Western education was responsible in synthesizing the old and new cultures in India. Intellectuals should not shirk their responsibility of ameliorating society. They have to combat blind dogmatism and irrational creeds.
The present world situation is a desperate race between the atom nil the thinker and it is the duty of philosophers to combat blind dogmatism and irrational creeds and reconstruct mans institutions on a more rational basis. The history of mankind is a perennial struggle between rational and irrational forces, between knowledge and enlightenment on the one hand and stupidity, prejudice, lust for power and factionalism on the other. Plato wanted his statesmen to be men of supreme critical intelligence and of unimpeachable integrity, because such men alone, in his view, could eliminate through education the darker side of human nature and guide men in the right direction. Plato’s Republic has exercised tremendous influence on human thought. At one time Aristotle was regarded as an infallible guide whose wisdom nobody could question. Today his readers are more critical. Plato and Aristotle provide supreme example of what the intellectuals can do for their own age and for posterity. They mould men’s thoughts, direct them into the right channels and seek to establish human relations on a rational and moral basis.
For intellectuals, society has no fascination. They are our greatest revolutionaries, dreamers and prophets. The French Revolution, for example, was the outcome of many factors including food shortage, the extravagance of the Court, the oppression of the nobles and their incredible shortsightedness, but the revolution would never have occurred it the faith of the people in the old institution had not been undermined by the writings of Voltaire, Rousseau and other thinkers. The philosophers of the Enlightenment questioned all the major assumptions of the old regime–its faith in God, its faith in the monarchy and its reliance on the traditional Laws of France. The French Revolution with its slogans of liberty, equality and, fraternity ushered in a new era in history Today, in large parts of Asia and Africa the principles of liberalism have been adopted.
What Rousseau was to the 18th century, Marx was to the 19th He was the most revolutionary force of his age whose influence is still gaining momentum Lenin, another great intellectual, made history when he skillfully exploited the political situation in Russia to establish, the first communist State in the world. The intellectuals are in most -cases radical in their approach to Problems because they are continuously examining the foundations of the social system to see whether it is sound and whether the structure built upon these foundations is efficient, lasting .and flexible. They are not deceived by appearances. With the beginning of the present century in England, Victorian complacency-was shattered and a new spirit ,of interrogation developed. H.G. Wells, Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell and Aldous Huxley have provided Englishmen with fresh ideas, given them new insight into the contemporary situation arid indicated the direction in which society should move.
The intellectuals are often inclined to treat society as if it were a machine which can he broken into parts and reconstructed to suit a theory. Wisdom lies in hastening slowly—a fact which is too often forgotten by the radical intellectuals. Society has its -customs and traditions. They embody the wisdom of ages. A sharp break with these customs and traditions tends at times to disrupt the social order. Revolutions degenerates into violence. The French and Russian Revolutions were accompanied by unprecedented reigns of terror. A true Intellectual, therefore, does not recklessly break with the past. It is not enough that an intellectual should have a lofty ideal, He must also make sure to what extent society is prepared for a big change. ,Violent revolutions generally breed adventurers, dictators and tyrants.
A positive contribution to the social good can he made by an intellectual only if he is honest and has no ulterior motives in framing his philosophy if he does not seek popularity by swimming with the tide and using the fashionable jargon of the times .to create the impression of being progressive, it he eschews both dogmatism and scepticism and if he engages himself in the Study of problems which directly affect society and does not dissipate his energies in sterile speculations. When an intellectual becomes a pure theorist imposing his own theories upon history and rationalizing his own prejudices and pre-conceived notions, be becomes a dangerous thinker. Thinkers who do not cultivate objectivity in their approach to social problems and who allow their own preferences and whims to determine their philosophies of life bring most serious sufferings to the world. The intellectuals of the world are guilty of most monstrous crimes. The Fascist and Nazi. intellectuals advocated war as an instrument of national policy. They even justified the use of most brutal methods to crush opposition to their creed and encouraged myths and falsehood as instruments of propaganda. Some of the world’s top intellectuals have openly praised war and defended it on the ground that human nature is warlike.
India has a splendid tradition of tolerance. It has always honoured men of learning than men of wealth and military power. The caste system as it is. operating today is most pernicious, but it was originally devised to promote specialisation and division of labour. The aristocracy of intellect occupied the foremost place in the social hierarchy. Today India is in need of intellectuals and the masses have to .be brought up on new values—the values of nationalism, secularism, democracy and socialism, values which., facilitate the industrial and technological- revolution needed for raising the standards of living of the masses, values which make population control. possible. Before the introduction of the Western system of education in India, i intellectual life was, by and large, in a state of stagnation. Men of learning among Hindus concerned themselves merely with the, interpretations of the ancient sacred. texts, with meta-physical problems dealing with the salvation of the Soul, the nature of matter and the universe and the rewards in heaven and punishments in hell.
Western education introduced the middle classes to altogether new ideals, new values and new institutions, the acceptance of which meant a synthesis of the old and new cultures. Raja Ram Mohun Roy, a scholar of both, Hindu and Islamic philosophic systems, Was also a ,profound student of Western thought and literature, and he wanted his countrymen to gather! the wisdom of the East and the West and to modernise their outlook, shedding their old superstitions, caste prejudices anti the evils. which had crept into their social system. With the spread of education the intellectuals became more and inure alienated from the masses.
Today the intellectuals of this Country, the natural leaders of society, are seeking to build a new civilisation based on Western science and technology and the Western ideals of secularism, nationalism, parliamentary democracy and socialism through planning:
They are faced with stupendous problems. Our politicians and political parties are exploiting the weakness of masses, arousing their passions instead of leading them and education them on the need for a new outlook. The intellectuals are sometimes disheartened but they have a responsibility which they cannot evade.