Casteism in Indian Politics Scheme of the Essay Exposition: Casteism is the misuse of caste for political gains. Rising Action: Caste plays an important role in politics, employment, elections, and party formations. Climax: It has harmful effects (1) affects the working of democratic politics. (2) Caste groups become interest groups. (3) Landed jatis deny constitutional rights to other Jatis, (4) Vitiate the election atmosphere. (5) It originated as a division of...

Panchayati Raj Scheme of the Essay Exposition: A panchayat is an institution of self-government. Rising Action: Local government reforms initiated by the 72nd and 73rd constitutional amendments. Climax: (1) Panchayat’s functions cover 29 subjects. (2) Major initiatives for local self-government came from the central govt. (3) Hold of state bureaucracy over local govt. will weaken after reforms. (4) States have agreed to amend laws for strengthening Panchayati Raj. (5) States agreed...

Interest and Pressure Groups Scheme of the Essay Exposition: There are many organised groups in liberal democracies. Rising Action: Definitions of Interest and Pressure groups. Climax: (1) Factors on which the working of interest groups depend. (2) Political culture determines the working of interest groups. (3) The nature of the problem also determines their stand. (4) Organisational factors influence their work. Ending: The interest groups having financial backing are most effective....

Public Opinion Scheme of the Essay Exposition: Definitions. Rising Action: Analysis of the definition. Climax: (1) Public opinion helps in the successful working of democracy, (2) Public opinion guides the ruling party. (3) It checks dictatorial tendencies. (4) Protects the rights of citizens. (5) Strengthens the government. (6) Shaping influences on public opinion. (7) Hindrances in developing Public Opinion. Ending: Public opinion must be organised. According to Bryce, “Public opinion is...

Need for Reforming Indian Administrative System Scheme of The Essay Exposition: After structural reforms in India in 1991 no thought has been given to administrative reforms. Rising Action: During the last fifty years the situation in two areas- the political and administrative system has worsened. Climax: (1) The system failed to come close to the changing needs. (2) The selection system for IAS has deteriorated. (3) There is a need for...

Need for Technology in Health Management Scheme of The Essay Exposition: Smooth coordination is needed for the medicines to move from the laboratory to the market. Rising Action: During the last fifty years only one vaccine has successfully moved from the laboratory to the market. Climax: (1) Lack of attention to ethical issues has impaired the transfer of important research findings. (2) Regarding the AIDS vaccine the bioethical questions are far...

Economics of Subsidies in India Scheme of the Essay Exposition: The reversal of the B.J.P. government’s policy regarding the reduction of food subsidies has raised many questions. Rising action: Economics of subsidies in simple. Climax: (1) Subsidies are usually bad for microeconomics. (2) These are also bad for macroeconomics. (3) But food subsidies are different. (4) The entire machines of local governments may have to help in identifying the poor. (5)...

Collective Responsibility-A Constitutional Ethics Scheme of The Essay Exposition: The culture of the politicians has undermined the spirit of the constitution. Rising Action: In 1998 itself many cases can be cited when the union cabinet ignored collective responsibility. Climax: (1) The apex court in Sanjeevi Naidu vs. State of Madras case clearly defined collective responsibility. (2) In England ministerial accountability is conventional. (3) A minister who disagrees with the cabinet should...