Archipelagos Simply put, an archipelago is an area of a sea or an ocean which contains a cluster of small and big islands. Though many archipelagos can be found all over the world, one of the best and the biggest example is the group of islands which make up the countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines etc. In this area there are over 20,000 small islands spread over more than 5000 kilometres...

Fiords and Atolls After the ice age glaciers flowed down from the mountains, as they moved they cut the mountains to form deep IF or ‘V’ shaped valleys. As the glaciers disappeared these valleys were filled with sea water to form Fiords. Fiords are mostly found along the mountainous coastline and they are shallow closer to the coast but deeper between the mountains. Most of the worlds Fiords are found in...

Deserts  Deserts are formed for various reasons, which include rain shadow deserts which are formed because it rains on one side of a mountain and by the time the air reaches the other side, it is dry. The Gobi desert in Asia is an example of this type. Lack of moisture in other areas, especially around the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn prevents any vegetation from growing. The Sahara desert is...

Caves below Us In most limestone mountains spectacular caves are found below the surface, these are natural creations. The formation of these caves is largely contributed to water. Rain water seeps into the ground and dissolves the limestone as it flows downwards, the cracks and crevices so formed gradually enlarge to form small caves. Adding to this is the flow of underground water, most caves of this type either have water...

Where land and sea meet   As wind flows over the seas and oceans it creates waves in the water and these waves move the water in a circular motion towards the shores.  Land surface on the coastlines is forever changing because of the waves in the seas. These waves constantly batter the coastline and erode away rocks and land. Battering of the waves against coastal rocks, traps and compresses air...

Earthquake and Volcanic    Earthquakes are taking place very frequently all over the world. The shaking of the earth as a result of these quakes is called a ‘Tremor’. Most are these tremors are weak and do not cause any damage, however there are others which are so powerful that they cause crevices to appear in the land and buildings to collapse. In India one of the most recent earthquake was...

Below The Earth’s Crust Hidden below the Earth’s crust is a wealth of minerals and resources, some of the most important ones include Iron, Coal, Crude petroleum, gold, Silver etc. These have become essentials for us and day to day life would not be possible without them. As an example we have been using coal for ages as a fuel and many other minerals for various purposes, accordingly it would be...

Fog Both clouds and Fog are formed for the same reasons. Often damp and moist air cools and condenses at a ground level and forms clouds which are called Fog or Mist. This phenomenon can occur for various reasons. When moist air moves over a land surface which is very cool, the water vapour it contains condenses and fog is formed. Cold air is heavy and tends to sink, this is...