India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)   The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called `Mangalyaan’ is an Indian spacecraft orbiting Mars. This spacecraft was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organization. It carried five instruments that helped in collecting advance knowledge about Mars to achieve its scientific objective. The Mars Orbiter Mission probe lifted-off from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Andhra Pradesh, using a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle rocket...

Computers Computer is an electronic machine that can store, organize and find information. It also controls other machines and can carry out accurate calculations. Computers can solve complicated problems and can carry out the most difficult calculations with great speed and accuracy. Besides caring out perfect calculations, computers can do several other things. A special memory is fitted inside the computers. This helps them to store lot of data. Computers can...

Human Brain The human brain is a highly evolved organ that acts as the control point of the human body. All animals have a brain that controls their actions. Animals having backbone have a more complex brain. Humans have highly developed brain that is superior to other organisms in terms of thinking and organized behaviour. The human brain is most complicated and delicate organ of the body. Actions and reactions of...

Rockets   In 1903, a Russian school teacher Konstantin Tsiolkovski developed the first scientific idea on rocket propulsion. However, it was not until 1926, when first liquid fuel rocket was built and launched by American engineer Robert Goddard. Rockets burn large quantity of fuel in order to make thrust that pushes them upward. Rockets are driven by stream of gases let out behind it when fuel is burnt inside. Most of...

Artificial Satellites and Their Types Artificial satellites are the most common kind of spacecraft that stay in space for many months or even for many years. Satellites are used for different purpose like communication, observing the atmosphere from space and for defense or for military actions. The shape of a satellite can differ depending on the job it has to perform. Satellites can carry all kinds of equipment such as telescope,...

Nuclear Development and Its Impact   Due to the intensive scientific research during the Second World War, nuclear energy and the nuclear weapons were invented. In 1945, the world witnessed the devastating effects of nuclear energy when two bombs were dropped on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Half of the population of the country had perished. It seems the world has not learnt any lesson from what had happened to Japan....

Techniques to Improve Agricultural Productivity   Tillage, irrigation, use of modern machines and ‘agricultural tools, pest control, good quality seeds and fertilizers are some of the important application to improve agricultural productivity. To feed the projected population of the mid-21st century, agricultural efficiencies would have to be far greater than is currently in the case of most countries. Agricultural productivity can take place only if technologies are greatly improved and substantial...

Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is a term applied to laboratory techniques for the genes of an organism. A gene is a cell that controls a particular quality of leaving thing that has been passed from its parents. Genetic engineering is a science of removing, adding or replacing genetic unit to achieve permanent and hereditary changes in animals and plants. Gene surgery, manipulation, transplantation, therapy and intervention arc the terms used with...