Crime against Women   All States have an international legal obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish rapists. Some states have been reported not pursuing cases involving violence against women and have been documented by some groups. This non-prosecution is a serious issue and can only be overcome by raising awareness among the police, the judiciary and the general community. The police are often insensitive to issues concerning rape. They are often...

The United Nations: Origin: Organs and Functions The preparatory meetings and conferences of the UN greatly helped to visualise the shape of the world organisation to come, provided the principal ideals and ideas which could form the basis of such an organisation and put forward valuable blueprints for such would-be agencies of the organisation as the Food and Agriculture Organisation, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. International Monetary Fund, and the...

Social Exclusion of Classes and Tribes: Remedies and Responses “Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, and Response’, a research project launched by the International Institute of Labour Studies (IILS) (part of the ILO) at the instance of the UNDP, was supposed to be a major input on social exclusion to the recently held world summit for Social Development. A close look at this study, however, reveals that its use of social exclusion is...

Optional and Essential Functions of Modern States In order that the State may exist it must exercise certain essential functions which are determined by three-fold relations, viz. of State to State, of State to citizen and of citizen to citizen. According to Woodrow Wilson, these essential functions are: The keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property from violence and robbery; The fixing of the legal relations...

The System of Social and Political Life in Democracies There are a number of social sciences. These social sciences cover different aspects of man’s activity. The mother science of all these activities is called ‘Sociology’ which is the science of human society as a whole Society is made up of all social beings and their variegated groupings. A social being performs numerous activities to survive and flourish or to help other...

True Socialism Still to Come In recent years, socialism has been discredited in the ramparts of eastern Europe. It is as if socialist ideologies have lost the right to cling to their convictions. Since the Soviet Union has ceased to be none seemingly has the prerogative any more to defend, for example. the public sector or campaign for the reduction of income inequalities, or protest against intrusion of foreign capital into...

The American Revolution The English, who went to America, were mostly criminals and political exiles. They had to leave the country much against their wishes. These people belonged to different races and were mainly Germans, Swiss, Dutch’s, Scots and Irish who had emigrated long back. Some of them even did not speak English and perhaps none of them thought in those terms in which Englishmen of those days thought and behaved....

The French Revolution French Revolution broke out not due to a single cause alone. It was the outcome of social, economic and political factors combined together. In bringing about the Revolution, the intellectuals played a significant part. Through their teachings, writings and discussions, they stirred the masses and awakened them. The French rule was maladministered and disorganized. It was a hotbed of nepotism as the prize posts were given to the...