Hazards of Industrial Pollution and Demand for Clean Technologies Much of the development being made is based on the use of increasing amount of raw materials, energy, chemicals and synthetics. The scale and complexity of our requirements for these resources have increased greatly with the rising levels of population and production. Indiscriminate industrial expansion to cater to the growing needs, without much attention being paid to its damaging effect created in...

Crime against Women   All States have an international legal obligation to investigate, prosecute and punish rapists. Some states have been reported not pursuing cases involving violence against women and have been documented by some groups. This non-prosecution is a serious issue and can only be overcome by raising awareness among the police, the judiciary and the general community. The police are often insensitive to issues concerning rape. They are often...

The United Nations: Origin: Organs and Functions The preparatory meetings and conferences of the UN greatly helped to visualise the shape of the world organisation to come, provided the principal ideals and ideas which could form the basis of such an organisation and put forward valuable blueprints for such would-be agencies of the organisation as the Food and Agriculture Organisation, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. International Monetary Fund, and the...

Social Exclusion of Classes and Tribes: Remedies and Responses “Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, and Response’, a research project launched by the International Institute of Labour Studies (IILS) (part of the ILO) at the instance of the UNDP, was supposed to be a major input on social exclusion to the recently held world summit for Social Development. A close look at this study, however, reveals that its use of social exclusion is...

Optional and Essential Functions of Modern States In order that the State may exist it must exercise certain essential functions which are determined by three-fold relations, viz. of State to State, of State to citizen and of citizen to citizen. According to Woodrow Wilson, these essential functions are: The keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property from violence and robbery; The fixing of the legal relations...